Conversation Implications In The Disney Princess Book (al-ba ḥṡ u 'an al-kanzi): A Pragmatic Overview

This study aims to analyze the form of speech acts and the meaning of conversational implicatures in the book Disney Princess (al-ba ḥṡ u 'an al-kanzi) by Jacqueline A. Ball as a corpus of data. The data of this study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The results of the research in the book show that there are three forms of speech and conversational implicatures, namely, locutionary forms, illocutions, and perlocutions. The classification of conversational implicatures with twelve locutionary speech forms, namely: seven declarative sentences, one imperative sentence, and four interrogative sentences. The 35 illocutionary forms found were a) assertive with the function of stating four utterances, proposing one utterance, complaining in one utterance, and expressing an opinion in one utterance; b) the directive with the function of commanding is two utterances, asking for four utterances, and giving advice in two utterances; c) commissive with the function of promising two utterances, and offering one utterance; d) expressive with the function of thanking ten utterances, criticizing five utterances, and praising two utterances. Meanwhile, the perlocutionary forms found were five utterances with two persuading effects, one effect of making the hearer to do something, one effect of making the hearer to think, and one effect of attracting attention.


INTRODUCTION
Pragmatics is a study that communicates the components of language and is closely related to the context and speech situation. This understanding refers to the views of two linguists, namely Parker and Leech. Parker states that pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate (Parker, 1986), and Leech states that pragmatics is for linguistic purposes, as the study of meaning related to speech situations (Leech, 1983).
The study of pragmatics in Arabic is different from the study of pragmatics in Indonesian. According to Suhardi and Sembiring, language diversity can be seen from the diversity of its use (Suhardi & Sembiring, 2005). Therefore, if an utterance is uttered by people using different languages, it will give birth to different intentions as well.
Conversational implicature is a pragmatic implication or the speaker's hidden intention to express the speech contained in the conversation. In line with the limitations of pragmatic implications, Grice in (Rustono, 1999) defines conversational implicature as a proportion or implicative statement contained in a conversation with something that may be interpreted, implied, or intended by the speaker actually different from what is said. Conversational implicatures apply because evidence is found that an utterance that has implications in the form of proportions is not actually part of the utterance (Gazdar, 1979).
In analyzing children's story books, aspects of the form in the form of visual indications and words will be found. Therefore, the use of the language used must be in the appropriate situation and context. Children's story books contain several aspects that can be used as an attraction, such as social, political, cultural, and other aspects. According to Yule, implicature is concerned with expressing the meaning that is large enough than the existing words (Brown & Yule, 1996). According to Yule, meaning is the meaning that is not shown in the speaker's utterance. Every utterance in the conversation between characters is found to have implicatures. With regard to this theory, this study will review the speech implicatures in conversations in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi , 2006), because there are many forms of speech and the intent of conversational implicatures that are interesting to investigate further. Some examples of conversational implicatures are as follows: Speech (1) takes place in the Beast's library when the characters Belle and Chip are playing treasure hunting. Belle writes down the clues and hides them and Chip tries to find him to find the treasure he's looking for. The sentence "This is what the first clue says: Check out the big red book." means that Belle's character tells Chip the clues he found. Speech (2), Chip's character cheerfully says "There is a big red book on the table!", the sentence is a news sentence because Chip's character tells information according to the facts he sees. Both utterances are a form of news locution because they provide information to the interlocutor.
Beauty and the Beast is a fairy tale produced by Walt Disney. The book Disney Princess (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) or in Indonesian means "Let's Say Please" is a story about manners. This book is part of a series of 'Learn good qualities from disney princesses' in which everyone has to be polite. The characters in it consist of Belle (ْ ‫,)بلة‬ Beast (ْ ‫,)الوحش‬ Chip (ْ ‫,)كسرة‬ Mrs. Potts (ْ ‫السيدة‬ ), Lumiere (ْ ‫)أنوار‬ and Cogsworth (ْ ‫.)زمان‬ One of the characters, Beast sometimes forgets to be polite, to remind him, Belle invites Beast to play treasure hunting (Ball, 2010). The dialogues of the characters are warm and familial.
In the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) there are many conversations that contain implicatures. The author will analyze the implicature in order to make it easier for the readers to interpret the meaning of each of the speeches of the characters in this book. Therefore, the analysis carried out in this study uses pragmatic concepts, especially implicatures which are intentions that are not explicitly stated by the speaker. This can result in the speech spoken by the speaker is often not understood by the interlocutor, so that there is a misunderstanding because it could be that the speech that the speaker means is different from what the speaker says. The data corpus of this research is the implicature speech that has been identified and then classified according to the form of the implicature. The data that has been collected is analyzed based on the formulation of the problem that will be described in accordance with the relevant findings and theories.
From the explanation above, the focus of this research is on the conversational implicatures of the characters in the book with the aim of interpreting what the characters say may not be in line with what the characters mean. In addition, the interpretation related to the meaning here is tied to the context which is always related in speech.

METHODS
The design of this research is qualitative with descriptive method. Qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observed behavior. Descriptive research only describes based on facts about a variable, symptom or situation (Bodgan and Taylor in (Moleong, 2001)). The researcher will examine the speech forms, namely locutions, illocutions, and perlocutions along with the meaning of conversational implicatures contained in the research corpus.
The corpus in this research is the book Disney Princess (albaḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) by Jacqueline A. Ball published by Nahdet Misr Publishing House on arrangement with the Disney company. The data to be analyzed is in the form of expressions containing conversational implicatures contained in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi).
The author uses several stages in this study. In the first stage the author will read the book Disney Princess (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi). At this stage the author pays attention to every dialogue in the book in order to understand the storyline and pay attention to the pragmatic elements in it. In the second stage, the author transliterated the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi). This activity is the transfer of one typeface to another typeface. In the third stage, the writer processes the data into a classification based on research needs. The author analyzes the use of conversational implicatures in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi). The data that has been collected is according to the needs of the author, which includes pragmatic aspects such as speech and conversational implicatures. Each is classified based on the pragmatic aspects to be analyzed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The result of the study can be seen in the following As it can be seen from table 1, the total number of speech forms in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) is 52 utterances, with the following classification: 12 locutionary utterances, 35 illocutionary utterances, and 5 perlocutionary utterances. The illocutionary form of speech is the most widely used form of speech of the three forms of speech in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi). The perlocutionary form is the least used form of speech of the three forms of speech in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi).
As for the meaning of implicatures in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) in the form of locutionary speech, there are seven declarative sentences, four interrogative sentences, and one imperative sentence. There are seven forms of illocutionary speech, eight forms of directive, three forms of commissive, and seventeen forms of expressive. In the form of perlocutionary speech, there are two effects of persuading, one effect of making the hearer to do something, one effect of making the hearer think, and one effect of attracting attention. Speech (1) takes place in the Beast's library when the characters Belle and Chip are playing treasure hunting. Belle writes down the clues and hides them and Chip tries to find him to find the treasure he's looking for. The sentence "This is what the first clue says: Check out the big red book." means that Belle's character tells Chip the clues he found. Speech (2), Chip's character cheerfully says "There is a big red book on the table!", the sentence is a news sentence because Chip's character tells information according to the facts he sees. Both utterances are a form of news locution because they provide information to the interlocutor. Speech (4) takes place in the library, between Belle and Chip. Chip's words meant for Belle to run into the fireplace to find other clues to find the treasure they were looking for. The utterance is an inviting imperative sentence because in this sentence the word task invitation is used in the form of the word "Come on". '"That's all it says," said Belle. "If you find the last clue, you will find the answer."' Speech (7) takes place in the library between Chip and Belle. What Belle said happened when Chip had previously asked for clues to the next game. Belle's words meant to tell Chip that that was the only clue written on the card on the back of the painting. Belle also states that Chip will find the answer if he finds the last clue that lies under the rug. The utterance is an assertive illocutionary to show Chip about treasure hunting game clues.

Complain
‫ألنوار‬ ‫قالتْ‬ : ُ ‫الصغيرة‬ ‫الشقوق‬ ‫ِه‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫ًّا‬ ‫جد‬ ٌ ‫مزعجة‬ (12) /Qālat li'anwār : muz'ijatun jiddan hāżihi al-syuquq al-ṣogīrah/ '"This leaky roof is really annoying," he told Lumiere.' Speech (12) took place in the kitchen between Mrs. Potts and Lumiere. Mrs. Potts was baking a cake while dodging the dripping water from the roof. The utterance intended to convey a complaint about the leaking roof to Lumiere who was with him in the kitchen because he felt disturbed. The speech delivered by Mrs. Potts is an assertive speech with the intention of complaining.

Express Opinions
ِ ‫المرآة‬ َ ‫خلف‬ َ ‫الثانية‬ َ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫أنَّ‬ ُ ‫وأعتقد‬ (41) /wa a'taqadu anna al-'isyārah al-ṡāniyah kholfa al-mirā'ah/ '"And I think the clue is right there! Behind the mirror!"' Speech (41) occurs when Belle, Beast, Chip, Lumiere, Cogsworth, and Mrs. Potts was playing treasure hunt in the party room. The utterances spoken by Mrs. It was Potts who said the clue was behind the mirror. The utterance is in the form of an assertive illocutionary. The words that Chip said meant to express his opinion in front of the people around him.  'ati al-raqṡi, sanal'abu Lu'bah albaḥṡi 'an al-kanzi./ "I'm sorry," he said, "but Chip and I wanted to invite you all to a game of Treasure Hunt in the ballroom."' Speech (36) takes place when Chip and Belle want to invite Beast, Lumiere, Cogsworth, and Mrs. Potts to play treasure hunt. The conversation happened because before Beast had difficulty finding the key to the toolshed, then Belle and Chip wanted to help Beast find the key, but Belle also wanted to remind Beast to be polite. So, Belle makes a treasure hunting game to help Beast find the key while reminding Beast to be polite. The utterance is a commissive illocutionary form with the intention of offering Beast, Lumiere, Cogsworth, and Mrs. Potts to play treasure hunt to get the key to the tool arsenal.

Directive Illocutionary Form
ِ ‫األدوات‬ /Qāla al-wahsyu hāżā wahuwa yaltahimu al-ki'k wa wajjahuhu 'ābasun ḍoiqān min al-tasyaqqaqāt, ṡuma akmil : lakinī ajidu mafātīha makhzan al-'adawāt/ '"I need equipment to repair the roof," he said, chewing a cake noisily. He stared at the leaks on the roof with a frown. "But I can't find the key to the tool shed."' ‫أنوارُ‬ ‫قالتْ‬ : ‫ِى‬ ‫سيد‬ ‫يا‬ ‫م‬ ُ ‫عنه‬ ُ ‫سنبحث‬ (22) /Qālat anwār : sanabḥaṡu 'anhum yā sayyidi/ 'We will look for him, sir,' said Lumiere.' Speech (22) takes place in the kitchen between the characters Beast and Lumiere. The Beast figure barged into the kitchen and immediately snatched three cakes. Beast who was staring at the leaking roof said that he needed tools to repair the roof but he couldn't find the key to the tool shed. Then the Lumiere character declares his ability to the Beast to find the key to the storehouse needed by the Beast. The speech said by the Beast is a form of commissive illocutionary. The meaning of the story is that Lumiere promises that he will find the key to the arsenal of tools needed by the Beast.

Expressive Illocutionary Form Praise
‫أنوارُ‬ ‫قالت‬ : ً ‫فعل‬ ‫مؤدبٌ‬ ٌ ‫ولد‬ (20) /Qālat anwār : waladun mu′aḍbun fi'lān/ '"What a polite boy!" praise Lumiere.' Speech (20) takes place when Lumiere, Mrs. Potts, and Chip were in the kitchen. The speech was addressed to Chip. The words of praise spoken by Lumiere happened because Chip politely asked his mother for a cake, and Chip also thanked his mother for giving him a cake. The speech was delivered as a symbol of Lumiere's appreciation to Chip for being polite. The utterance is an expressive illocutionary form of praising Chip for being polite.

Saying Thank You
‫له‬ ‫فقالتْ‬ : ‫لك‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شكرً‬ ‫ًّا‬ ‫جد‬ ‫لطيفٌ‬ ‫أنتَ‬ ،ُ ‫كسرة‬ ‫يا‬ (26) /Faqālat lahu : syukrān laka yā Kisrah, anta laṭīfun jiddān/ 'Chip brought cake for Belle. "Thanks, Chip," said Belle. "You are so kind."' Speech (26) takes place in the kitchen when the character Chip brings cake for Belle. The character Belle expresses her gratitude for receiving kindness from the character Chip. Belle's character also praises Chip for being nice to Belle by giving her a cake. The utterance is an expressive illocutionary with the intention of thanking Chip for being kind by giving cake to Belle.

Criticize
‫ًا‬ ‫سعيد‬ ُ ‫كسرة‬ ‫قال‬ : Kisrah sa'īdan : al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi lu'batu kullahā maraḥun, ata'rifaini ? lau anna al-wahsya yamraḥu qalīlān litagayyara ṭab'ahu al-ḥāddu kaṡīran/ "Treasure hunting is fun, isn't it," said Chip cheerfully. "If Beast comes along, he'll be happy and won't be angry anymore."' Speech (9) takes place in the library between Belle and Chip when they finish playing treasure hunting. Chip expresses his happiness and sadness at the same time. In the sentence " If Beast comes along, he'll be happy and won't be angry anymore." Chip's character hopes that Beast can join the game but he hesitates because he knows that Beast's character has a bad temper. The utterance is an expressive illocutionary form. The purpose of his speech is to convey his criticism by insinuating the Beast character.

Perlocutionary Speech Form Persuade
ُ ‫بلة‬ ‫قالت‬ : ‫لك‬ َ ‫بذ‬ ‫ُكَ‬ ‫أعد‬ ، ً ‫ممتعة‬ ً ‫لعبة‬ ‫ستكونُ‬ (38) /Qālat Bilah : satukūnu Lu'bah mumti'ah, a'adduka biżālik/ 'You won't regret it,' Belle assured the Beast. "I promise."' Speech (24) when Belle and Chip want to take Beast, Lumiere, Cogsworth, and Mrs.Potts play treasure hunting to find the key Beast needs. Belle wanted to return the keys to Beast while reminding Beast to be polite. The utterance "you won't regret it," is perlocutionary in the form of persuade because Belle is trying to convince Beast that the game of treasure hunting will not make Beast regret.

Get hearer to do something
ِ ‫األدوات‬ /Qāla al-wahsyu hāżā wahuwa yaltahimu al-ki'k wa wajjahuhu 'ābasun ḍoiqān min al-tasyaqqaqāt, ṡuma akmil : lakinī ajidu mafātīha mukhzini al-'adawāt/ '"I need equipment to repair the roof," he said, chewing a cake noisily. He stared at the leaks on the roof with a frown. "But I can't find the key to the tool shed."' (22) ‫أنوارُ‬ ‫قالتْ‬ : ‫ِى‬ ‫سيد‬ ‫يا‬ ‫م‬ ُ ‫عنه‬ ُ ‫سنبحث‬ /Qālat anwār : sanabḥaṡu 'anhum yā sayyidi/ 'We will look for it, sir,' said Lumiere.' Speech (21) that Beast spoke took place in the kitchen when he was with Lumiere and Mrs. Potts. He looked at the leaky roof with a frown and said "I need tools to repair the roof," "But I can't find the key to the tool shed.". After the Beast said that, Lumiere immediately replied with the answer "We will look for it, sir,". The utterances said by Beast include perlocutionary because inadvertently the utterances said by Beast give effect to Lumiere to do something the Beast wants. Speech (14) was taking place in the kitchen when Chip suddenly ran into the kitchen and called for his mother. The words Chip said meant to get the attention of his mother who was talking to Lumiere. The speech delivered by Chip is perlocutionary to attract attention.

Get hearer to think
The locutionary speech forms found were locutionary with declarative sentences, interrogative sentence locutions, and imperative sentence locutions. The form of declarative locutionary speech is the most commonly found of the three locutionary speech forms because in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) there are many utterances between characters which indicate that the characters in the book provide information according to the facts seen.
The illocutionary speech forms found are assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive illocutionary illocutions. Meanwhile, the illocutionary speech form of declaration is not found at all in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi). The most commonly found expressive illocutionary speech forms of the five illocutionary speech forms in the book are because many utterances serve to express or show the psychological attitude of the speaker to a situation such as praising, thanking, criticizing. The most common function found is to say thank you because the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) aims to make its readers, especially children, learn to always be polite by saying thank you will make others feel appreciated for the help that has been given. given.
The forms of perlocutionary speech found are perlocutionary with the effect of persuading, the effect of making the interlocutor do something (get hearer to do), the effect of making the hearer think (get hearer to think), and the effect of attracting attention. Perlocutionary speech forms with the most persuasive effect are found because in the Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) there is a dialogue which shows that the speaker is trying to convince the interlocutor that what he is saying is true and gives the effect to the interlocutor to do something wrong. speaker says.

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that in the Disney Princess book entitled al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi, most of the utterances are in the form of expressive illocutions which found with the intention of saying thank you. This is because in the book children are taught to be polite and courteous to others by saying thank you. The Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) is one of the book series in which it learns about the good qualities of Disney princesses. This book is one of the media that can make it easier for children to learn basic ethics because it is very important to instill good manners in children from an early age. The Disney Princess book (al-baḥṡu 'an al-kanzi) is packed with interesting stories through a series of dialogues that direct children to perform character behaviors and instill a positive self-concept.